Unverified50% confidenceFactExact time
A Cognition 2026 study (doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106697) found that filler words (um, uh) did not affect judgments of a speaker's competence and warmth, but reduced how prepared and certain they appeared "in that moment" and increased avoidance of future interaction.
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Long-term
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10/18/2026
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