Unverified50% confidenceSolutionExact time
Sampling several hundred of the most contested 2+/1+ boundary cells and having 2–3 pathologists independently re-label them and calculating Cohen's Kappa or Fleiss' Kappa can reframe the problem from model underperformance to unclear label definitions.
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Long-term
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10/6/2026
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UnverifiedEven experienced human experts performing the same review task often achieve inter-group Kappa values of only 0.4–0.6.63% similarUnverifiedA study published in Nature in 2020 found that Cohen's Kappa coefficient for different reviewers' scores on the same paper is typically less than 0.3.59% similarUnverifiedIn few-shot scenarios (e.g., approximately 20 samples per class), multi-class subdivision should be abandoned, all defects should be collapsed into a binary classification problem (defective/non-defective), and specific classification should be left to manual post-processing.59% similarUnverifiedCohen's Kappa系数适用于两名评审者、类别变量的情景，其值介于-1到1之间，通常认为0.6以上属于中等一致性，0.8以上为高度一致58% similarVerifiedIn scenarios with extreme class imbalance, even an accuracy as high as 95% may indicate that the model is completely unable to identify the minority class.58% similar
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