3R Principle
An ethical framework for animal experimentation proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959, comprising Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. It has been incorporated into animal welfare regulations in many countries and is a foundational ethical framework in toxicology and drug safety evaluation.
Timeline (last 90 days)
Brain surgery on live animals must follow the "3Rs principle" (replacement, reduction, refinement) and is subject to review by the institutional animal ethics committee.
The 3R principles were proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959 in "The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique," namely Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
All Facts (2)
Brain surgery on live animals must follow the "3Rs principle" (replacement, reduction, refinement) and is subject to review by the institutional animal ethics committee.
50%UnverifiedThe 3R principles were proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959 in "The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique," namely Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
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