Conceptmodulo bias
Modulo Bias
A statistical bias that arises when using the modulo operation to map random numbers onto a finite range. When the random range is not an integer multiple of the target range, some outcomes receive a higher probability. It is a common pitfall in fair lotteries.
Timeline (last 90 days)
Oct 17
Using randomInteger % n directly produces modulo bias: with 256 possible values and 10 entries, for example, the first 6 entries have a probability of about 10.16% and the last 4 about 9.77%, a relative deviation of about 4%.
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