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From word vectors and embeddings to RNNs, BERT, Transformers, and ChatGPT — a complete guide to the technical evolution of large language models and the AI 2.0 era.

A minimalist dynamical system experiment: without MLP, Transformer, or attention layers, point-attractor dynamics driven purely by co-occurrence pressure learns semantic similarity on SimLex-999.

Embedding condensation is a hidden bottleneck in small language model training. Dispersion Loss combats this by enforcing representation spread during training at zero inference cost.