Unverified50% confidenceFactExact time
Because the output of large language models is non-deterministic, the same input may produce different outputs, making it difficult to cover all edge cases with unit tests alone.
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9/7/2026
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UnverifiedLarge language models have inherent non-determinism — even with identical prompt inputs, the model may return results that differ in format, content, or even logic at different times.79% similarUnverified大语言模型本质上是概率性的，相同的输入可能产生不同的输出，这与传统软件的确定性行为截然不同74% similarUnverified自回归语言模型的OOD检测比传统机器学习更困难，因为语言组合空间庞大、语义OOD与表面形式OOD不对应，且对抗者可构造统计上看似in-distribution但语义触发OOD的输入74% similarUnverifiedPerplexity measures a language model's ability to predict test text; the lower the value, the less surprised the model is by the text.71% similar
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